KONSEP PEMASARAN GLOBAL, KEKUATAN YANG MENDORONG DAN MENGHAMBAT, ORIENTASI MANAJEMEN, DAN BISNIS INTERNASIONAL & PERENCANAAN PEMASARAN GLOBAL, DAN TAHAP-TAHAP PENGEMBANGAN PERUSAHAAN TRANSNASIONAL

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Dosen :

Ricky Perdana

Disusun Oleh :

Nabila Ayu Larasati

14217332

1EA10

Universitas Gunadarma

Depok

2018

Some, Any, Many, Much, A lot of, and A few

Some and Any

The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.

Positive Clauses

In positive clauses, we usually use some.

Example:

I have bought some cake.

I have bought some apples.

Negative Clauses

Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ... any

Example:

I have not bought any cake.

I have not bought any apples.

Questions

Example:

Have you bought any cake?

Have you bought any apples?

Compound Words with some & any

Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:

-something/anything

-someone / anyone

-somewhere / anywhere.

Example:

I have bought some cake.

I have bought something.

However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some.

Example:

I do not have to buy cake. Farel has already bought some [cake].

Exceptions

Positive Clauses with Any

We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.

Example:

We never go anywhere.

She did her homework without any help.

There’s hardly anyone here.

Also in if clauses, we usually use any.

Example: If there is anything to do, just call me.

Much / many

The words much and many mean a lot of.

§  If a noun is in singular, we use much

Example:

much sugar

§  If a noun is in plural, we use many

Example:

many children

Use of much / many

In everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative clauses.

Example:

How much sugar should I add to your tea?

Olive does not have many friends.

In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many.

Example:

Olive has so many friends.

She has as many friends as Sue.

Karin has too much money.

In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.

Example:

Ana has a lot of / lots of friends.

Calvin has a lot of / lots of money.

In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This you will notice for example when you read English news.

 

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with much / many people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take many.

Example:

100 friends – many friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take much.

Example:

100 money – much money

Note: Of course you can count money – but then you would name the currency and say that you have got 5 euro (but not „5 money“)

A LOT AND A FEW

 A few and few are used with plural nouns; a little and little, with uncountable ones. If we leave out the a, it means that there is not enough of something; but if we kept it, it has a positive sense, ie there is/are not a lot, but enough for our own purposes. Little and few can be emphasized by very:
     -  There are very few cherries.

A lot (of) may also be possible in the negative and in the interrogative, but it suggests a bigger quantity than many and much. For instance, if we say He has bought twenty cans of coke: he did not have many (cans of coke)/much (coke), it carries the idea that he needed some more, so he has bought some. However, He has bought twenty cans of coke: he did not have a lot implies that he wanted to have a lot, which is why he has bought them. Let us put another example:
     She didn't gain much experience. (She gained very little experience.)
     She didn't gain a lot of experience. (She learnt something from it.)
English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.

the = definite article

a/an = indefinite article

For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.

Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group. For example, "I just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.

"A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the group. For example, "I would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about a specific movie. We're talking about any movie. There are many movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't have a specific one in mind.

Let's look at each kind of article a little more closely.

Indefinite Articles: a and an

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example:

• "My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.
• "Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.
• "When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one we're talking about here.

Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So...

• a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
• an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan
• a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a unicycle
• an + nouns starting with silent "h": an hour
• a + nouns starting with a pronounced "h": a horse
• In some cases where "h" is pronounced, such as "historical," you can use an. However, a is more commonly used and preferred.

A historical event is worth recording.

Remember that these rules also apply when you use acronyms:

Introductory Composition at Purdue (ICaP) handles first-year writing at the University. Therefore, an ICaP memo generally discusses issues concerning English 106 instructors.

Another case where this rule applies is when acronyms or initialisms start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds:

An MSDS (material safety data sheet) was used to record the data. An SPCC plan (Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures plan) will help us prepare for the worst.

If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article:

• a broken egg
• an unusual problem
• a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y' sound)

Remember, too, that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a group:

• I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large group known as teachers.)
• Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a member of the people known as Irish.)
• Seiko is a practicing Buddhist. (Seiko is a member of the group of people known as Buddhists.)